Description
Preparation and standardization of solutions is a fundamental skill in chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis. This guide explains step-by-step how to prepare and standardize various molar and normal solutions, including commonly used reagents like oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate, and ceric ammonium sulphate. It covers the importance of accurate measurements, selecting primary and secondary standards, and performing titrations to achieve precise concentrations. Written in simple and easy-to-understand language, this resource helps students, researchers, and laboratory professionals gain practical knowledge for accurate experimental results and reliable chemical analysis.